Enthymeme

Arriving at a conclusion without an established or spoken premise.

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Affirming a Disjunct

When considering two alternative outcomes, do not assume that if one occurs, the other is certain.

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Appeal to Tradition

Assuming that a method or idea is superior because it remained popular or successful over time.

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Denying the Antecedent

If a premise implies a result but the premise does not happen, do not assume the result cannot still happen.

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Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

Assuming that because something happened first, it caused whatever happened next.

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Relative Privation

Justifying something bad because worse things exist by comparison.

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Distinction Without a Difference

Focusing on the use of one term over another when they both define the same concept.

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Loaded Language

Using language where an assumption is built-in to guide a desired answer.

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Syntactic Ambiguity

When a sentence has multiple interpretations.

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Circular Reasoning

Creating an explanation that only supports a claim because it supports the claim.

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