Hand-Waving

‘Brushing off’ contradictory evidence as if it is irrelevant.

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Moving the Goalposts

Changing criteria or definitions to create an unfair advantage or disadvantage.

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Argument ad Baculum

Threatening, coercing, or bribing to win an argument.

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Slothful Induction

Refusing to accept or believe a likely conclusion despite strong supporting evidence.

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Special Pleading

To plea for an exception to a general rule.

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False Dilemma

When options are oversimplified or presented as the only ones available.

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Argument from Ignorance

Assuming something is true because it’s not proven false.

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Balance Fallacy

Making two concepts equal because they appear to be similar.

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Ad Hoc

Providing an unprovable argument to support an initially disputed claim.

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Appeal to Novelty

Claiming something to be better because it is newer or different.

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